Contents of spoon-archives/habermas.archive/papers/erosion.wp

ÿWPCM ûÿ2ÐÿÿBPÿÿZ¦ŸCourier 10cpi#|.›Yôxþ6X@É“8Ç;X@þþþþþþþÿþÿÿÿþÿÿþÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿHP LaserJet III(IQ Eng.)HPLASIII.PRSÛxŒ @É‡Ï,\,ðG˜RX@13-03-95 10.42 Value spheres, argumentative reason and Jeremy GainesJeremy GainesÿË *ÿÐ6Â&BlancoÀÿÿrJet IIIÿÿKÔîM+¸°°°°÷ÐŸÐ ÐÒÔ""""""""""""""""""""""""************************ÔÒÐÐX°` ¸hÀpÈ xÐ 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The ways in which society copes with scientific, moral and ethical uncertainty Chair and organiser Habermas Conference on 27 january 1994 at Tilburg University Ô†R`ÔÃÃPapers of the conference and invited papers will be published as a book and appear( very likely) with Suny Press, Albany, New York in 1996 This paper, since it was distributed as asciifile, lack footnotes and a table. RenÀ)À von Schomberg Tilburg University, Posbox 90153 5000 LE Tilburg The Netherlands Ô†Rø Ôemail: R.vonSchomberg@kub.nlÄÄ Introduction ÐÐIn the following, I shall discuss the current social reaction to the ecological crisis and the ways in which society reacts to technological risks, which can be understood primarily as a reaction to scientific and moral or ethical uncertainty. In the first section, I shall clarify what is meant by scientific and moral or ethical uncertainty. In the second section, I will contrast Max Weber's differentiation of science, justice and morality in the Modern world with the process of de©differentiation of these value spheres, a trend which can be observed in the present©day context of the ecological crisis and technological risks. We shall see that social contradictions emerge in the functional relationships between these value spheres, and that such contradictions go hand in hand with these value spheres or contexts of discourse losing their original function or being transformed. Science forfeits its role as a functional authority and becomes a strategic resource for politics. Justice becomes a basic constituent of an immoral form of negotiation, which can no longer be properly grasped in terms of legal categories. Morality is transformed into fear, and economics yields unprofitable practices. In the third section, I will in conclusion attempt to open up the moral and ethical dimension of how to deal with uncertainty with the help of discourse theory (Apel, 1988; Habermas, 1983, 1992), as well as outline a possible solution. Ô†RÐ&ÔÃÃ1. Scientific and moral uncertaintyÄÄÔÐ&0*((°°ÔŒI shall first discuss the ecological crisis and how society handles technological risks in the context of scientific uncertainty or scientific ignorance in general. In 1976, the American climatologist Stephen Schneider published a bestseller about the threat of a new ice age, a hypothesis on which there was a consensus among certain sections of the scientific community. Less than a decade later, scientists agreed that another sort of climatic catastrophe was imminent: the greenhouse effect. Stephen Schneider's second bestseller, 'Global Warming', appeared in 1989. Once again, the author refers to a consensus among a section of the scientific community interested in publicity, but this time he is describing the well©known hypothesis that a greenhouse effect would ensue, something put forward as early as 1896 by Arrhenius, who cited the same reasons, but whose work fell on deaf ears. Such initial consensus is by no means cast in stone, because one thing is clear: we will always have an incomplete knowledge of the crucial factors that would enable us to predict with certainty whether the greenhouse effect will or will not occur. We are then faced with the following dilemma: should we wait until a consensus has been reached among scientists, which will probably arise at too late a date , if it arises at all? Or must the public and those responsible for decision©making rely on the one©sided hypothetical perspectives put forward by one individual scientific discipline © a commitment which appears more or less arbitrary, given the various scientific alternatives that float around in political debate? This kind of integrative perspective enables us to see that the individual disciplines, as they advance, are generating more and more knowledge on a small number of details, or microfields. However, they would appear to have to leave certain crucial questions unanswered, because discussing ecological questions scientifically means attempting to understand open systems. As a result, certain epistemological viewpoints can be considered true only if we assume the existence of more or less plausible presuppositions, which we nevertheless cannot assume are exhaustive. Climatological and ecological theories cannot be applied as forecasts as if they were based on proven empirical, nomological statements. Rather, they are best put to use in explaining changes after the fact.ÔÐ&0*((°°ÔŒTaking the example of the discourses of science, the politics of science, and of politics itself on the ecological consequences of the deliberate release of genetically manipulated organisms into the environment, I have shown elsewhere that transferring issues that are epistemically conceivable in the context of politics to the level of science causes them to be inappropriately translated into a discourse on truth (see Schomberg, 1992, 1993). This is expressed, for example, in the translation of prospective Ô„TpÔplausibility claims (that cannot be formalized) into predictions containing a probability value,Û"»endnote reference"ÛÓÓÃÃÛÛÒ ÈX1ÃÃÄÄ.°°X01ÃÃÄÄÃÃÄÄ°° ÒÖÄ¡½These probability values have to be constantly adjusted after new events or catastrophes have occurred. This insight has become common knowledge, at least since the Chernobyl disaster.ÄÖÄÄ in the Ô„T Ôtranslation of illustrative data into proof,Û(Šendnote reference(ÛÛÛÛ"»endnote reference"ÛÓÓÃÃÛÛÖØ¡½Thus, experiments on releasing genetically manipulated organisms, the results of which are to substantiate the safety of such experiments, must be carried out without knowing how what the results will be.ØÖÄÄ and in the transformation of dangers into risks.Û(®endnote reference(ÛÛÛÛ"»endnote reference"ÛÓÓÃÃÛÛÖ/¡½ÔxPÔÛendnote textÛÐÐÓÓÛÛÛ"endnote reference"ÛÓÓÛÛÐÐX°` ¸hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð

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