From: "Paul Murphy" <Villanova-AT-btopenworld.com>
Subject: Re: Palestine
Date: Sun, 21 Jul 2002 01:54:52 +0200



----- Original Message -----
From: "rb" <chaimberel-AT-juno.com>
To: <nietzsche-AT-lists.village.virginia.edu>
Sent: Saturday, July 20, 2002 9:03 PM
Subject: Palestine


> Palestine History
>  -- Scroll Down For Menu Or Search -- Palestine Facts Home Page Geography
and Population Basics Early History of Palestine Through World War I and
British Mandate The British Mandate Period Independence of Israel
(1947-1949) Israel 1948 Through 1967 Israel 1967 Through 1991 Israel 1991
Through Present Frequently Asked Questions about Palestine Frequently Asked
Questions about this website Search Palestine Facts
>
> What was the history of Palestine between Biblical times and the modern
era?
>
> Destruction of the Jewish Temple
> 70AD (by Roberts)
>
> In 539 B.C. the Persians conquered the Babylonians. The Jewish Temple,
destroyed by the Babylonians, was rebuilt (516 BC). Under Persian rule the
Jewish state enjoyed considerable autonomy. Alexander the Great of Macedon,
conquered the area in 333 BC His successors, the Ptolemies and Seleucids
(prounounced Selefkids), contested for control. The attempt of the Seleucid
Antiochus IV (Antiochus Epiphanes - Antiochus One Eye?) to impose Hellenism
brought a Jewish revolt under the Maccabees (I have the army), who set up a
new Jewish state in 142 BC The state lasted until 63 BC, when Pompey
conquered the region for Rome.
>
> At the time of Christ the Jewish state was ruled by puppet kings of the
Romans, the Herods. When the Jews revolted in 66 AD, the Romans destroyed
the Temple (70 AD). The Bar Kokba revolt between 132 and 135 AD was also
suppressed, Jericho and Bethlehem were destroyed, and the Jews were barred
from Jerusalem. The Roman Emperor Hadrian determined to wipe out the
identity of Israel-Judah-Judea. Therefore, he took the name Palastina and
imposed it on all the Land of Israel. At the same time, he changed the name
of Jerusalem to Aelia Capitolina. The Romans killed many Jews and sold many
more in slavery. Some of those who survived still alive and free left the
devastated country, but there was never a complete abandonment of the Land.
There was never a time when there were not Jews and Jewish communities in
Palestine, though the size and conditions of those communities fluctuated
greatly.
>
> When Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity (312), Palestine became
a center of Christian pilgrimage, and many Jews left the region. Palestine
over the next few centuries generally enjoyed peace and prosperity until it
was conquered in 614 AD by the Persians. It was recovered briefly by the
Byzantine Romans, but fell to the Muslim Arabs under caliph Umar by the year
640. At this time (during the Umayyad rule), the importance of Palestine as
a holy place for Muslims was emphasized, and in 691 the Dome of the Rock was
erected on the site of the Temple of Solomon, which is claimed by Muslims to
have been the halting station of Muhammad on his journey to heaven. Close to
the Dome, the Aqsa mosque was built. In 750, Palestine passed to the Abbasid
caliphate, and this period was marked by unrest between factions that
favored the Umayyads and those who preferred the new rulers.
>
> In the 9th century, Palestine was conquered by the Fatimid dynasty, which
had risen to power in North Africa. The Fatimids had many enemies-the
Seljuks, Karmatians, Byzantines, and Bedouins-and Palestine became a
battlefield. Under the Fatimid caliph al Hakim (996-1021), the Christians
and Jews were harshly suppressed, and many churches were destroyed. In 1099,
Palestine was captured by the Crusaders who murdered thousands in Jerusalem
and established the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. The Crusaders were defeated
by Saladin at the battle of Hittin (The Horns of Hattin) (1187), and the
Latin Kingdom was ended; they were finally driven out of Palestine by the
Mamluks in 1291, the end of the Crusades period. Under Mamluk rule Palestine
declined.
>
> In 1516 the Mamluks were defeated by the Ottoman Turks. The first three
centuries of Ottoman rule isolated Palestine from outside influence. In
1831, Muhammad Ali, the Egyptian viceroy nominally subject to the Ottoman
sultan, occupied Palestine. Under him and his son the region was opened to
European influence. Ottoman control was reasserted in 1840, but Western
influence continued. Among the many European settlements established, the
most significant in the long run were those of Jews, Russian Jews being the
first to come (1882).
>
> It is important to note that there was a Jewish population in Palestine
continuously. Even after the Jewish state was ended by the Romans, Jewish
communities continued to exist. All of the successor governments tried to
eliminate the Jews at one time or another, but none succeeded as numerous
accounts testify over the centuries. When the Zionists started the modern
"return" to Eretz Yisrael in the 19th Century, they were joining Jews who
never left.
>
> In 1918, a Yiddish book by David BenGurion and Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Eretz
Yisrael in the Past and Present, was published in New York by the Poale Zion
Palestine Committee. The authors note that long after the destruction of the
Second Temple  and even after the defeat of Shimon Bar Kokhba, leader of the
Jewish revolt against the Romans in the second century C.E.  large masses of
Jews still tilled the soil of Eretz Yisrael.
>
> In the wars and uprisings, many cities were ruined and many communities
destroyed, but the farm population could not be wiped out so easily. Under
foreign oppression, city dwellers  the propertied and educated classes
chose to leave their homes and migrate to freer countries such as Babylonia.
The Jewish peasant, however, like peasants the world over, would not leave
his land so quickly, for it was land developed by his sweat and that of his
parents.
>
> The conclusion of the book contains historical facts that establish the
"denationalizing" of Eretz Yisrael. The authors ask us to remember that
after Bar Kokhba's fall, "Rome and Byzantium held on to Palestine for 500
years (136 C.E. to 636 C.E.), but neither the Romans nor the Byzantines made
Palestine their national homeland, an organic part of their national
existence." Likewise, the book says, the Arabs and Egyptians, who reigned
over Palestine for about 880 years  from 637 to 1517  "never had organic
ties to the land." During their rule, it continues, the cradle of Arab
nationality remained in the great expanse of the Arab peninsula. And when it
came to the Turks, who ruled from 1517 to 1917, the authors tell us that
they "were even less integrated into the country than the Arabs." After a
400-year reign, Turkish culture and the Turkish language remained as foreign
in Palestine as they were 400 years earlier.
>
> "The denationalization of Eretz Yisrael resulted in a state of affairs
where the country lay in ruins and desolation," the book says. "And the land
waits for the Jewish people to come and repair and restore its old home."
>
> Sources and additional reading on this topic:
>
> Palestine
> The Arab-Israeli Conflict: Basic Facts, Nationhood
> History of Israel
> The History and Meaning Of "Palestine" and "Palestinians"
> Continuous Jewish Presence in the "Holy Land"
> What is Palestine?
> Eretz Yisrael in the Past and Present
> A History of the Land of Israel
> The Promised Land
> A Second Palestine
> Invisible Natives... and Occupied Lands
>
>
>
>  -- Scroll Down For Menu Or Search -- Palestine Facts Home Page Geography
and Population Basics Early History of Palestine Through World War I and
British Mandate The British Mandate Period Independence of Israel
(1947-1949) Israel 1948 Through 1967 Israel 1967 Through 1991 Israel 1991
Through Present Frequently Asked Questions about Palestine Frequently Asked
Questions about this website Search Palestine Facts
>  2002 palestinefacts.org. All rights reserved worldwide.
>
>
>
>
>
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