From: "Greg Ratcliffe" <gratclif-AT-ozemail.com.au>
Subject: The Fires
Date: Sat, 5 Jan 2002 13:21:07 +1100


This is a multi-part message in MIME format.


Lessons from the ashes  The wind sends clouds of smoke towards resident's homes
in Woodford. Photo: Edwina Pickles.
As the bushfires burn, critics have come from all directions to complain that
not enough has been done to provide protection. Robert Wainwright reports on the
facts behind the recriminations.


A polished brass plaque adorns one wall of the foyer of the Rural Fire Services
headquarters in Rosehill. It notes the official opening of the drab, but
functional building on August 22, 1995, and is signed by two officials. On
Wednesday this week, as dry winds forced the smell of burnt eucalypt into the
cramped room, the same two men, Phil Koperberg and Bob Debus, stood on a
temporary stage outlining the latest reports of the 80 fires burning out of
control across the state.

Koperberg is the front-man of fire fighting in NSW. He was a hero of the '94
bushfires, and the street parade which will inevitably follow the damping down
of this crisis will probably again bestow upon him a similar, grateful mantle.

Debus is the Minister for Everything - his portfolios run the gamut of emergency
services which came to the city's rescue and he is also the Attorney-General who
will oversee changes in the punishment of arsonists. He is the MP for one of the
most fire-ravaged areas, the Blue Mountains, to boot. After the conference, in
the lee of an expected wind change that might finally provide some respite to
the battle-weary troops, Debus reflected on the inevitable questions and
recriminations that follow such a disaster.

The joy of Christmas 2001 had been destroyed by a combination of freakishly hot,
dry and windy weather and the bastardry of arsonists. Some say the fault also
lay with the added ingredients of short-sighted government policy and stubborn
bureaucracy.

Everyone was having a say. The arguments came from four-wheel-drive enthusiasts,
who wanted more winter burn-offs, from greenies living in the wilds of the Blue
Mountains who wanted none, and from everyone in between. The public imagination
had been excited by images of a giant helicopter that appeared to be able to
douse a bushfire in a shower of water. Many wanted to know why NSW didn't have
its own fleet.

And at least one scientist says money would be better spent on research because
we still do not fully understand the mechanisms of fires and the techniques of
hazard reduction.

The initial response of Debus - a gentle, earnest man - was to explain, in
detail, the Government's programs since coming to power in 1995.

If the success in defeating the fires of 1994 was a miracle, then the bushfires
of 2001-02 should be seen as a triumph of lessons well-learnt and money
well-spent. Not only had the Government completely rewritten the Bushfires Act,
which had not been revised since the days of wax matches and wet canvas sacks,
but it had also flattened the structure of 142 local fire services so that
district fire control officers now answer directly to the man in charge -
Koperberg.

The act had been written in another era of fire fighting, he said. There were
now clear chains of command from top to bottom. The management and politics of
fire-fighting has also been addressed. Though Debus was against calls to
amalgamate the two services, he realised he had to stamp out damaging rivalry
between the professional, metropolitan brigade and the largely volunteer, rural
brigade.

"To amalgamate the Rural Fire Services Commission, which consists of 70,000
volunteers and 450 paid employees, with the NSW Fire Brigade, which consists of
6,500 permanent full or part- time people, would be a culture clash of such
profound dimensions that it would take the new organisation a generation to
recover," he said.

"On the other hand, 1994 told us about the need for co-ordination of fire
fighting. It is why we have legislated for the joint fire services standing
committee in which the two organisations resolve the matters of mutual
interests, such as the geographical boundaries. We have written out of the acts
most of the ordinary sources of friction between the two organisations. And it
shows."

Debus described scenes last week where metropolitan and rural crews had worked
side by side in their battle against the wall of flames that threatened to
engulf communities in the Blue Mountains. He dismissed out of hand criticism by
the NSW Fire Brigade Employees Union that there had been problems of
co-ordination. Equipping the brigades has also been addressed. There were 1844
new water tankers and 40 new fire stations. Koperberg's budget had been
increased by 180 per cent compared with the previous State government's
spending. The budgets of the NSW Fire Brigade and the National Parks and
Wildlife Service (NPWS) had also been increased.

Debus is proud of the new trucks: "We are able to adapt the trucks to the
country they are protecting," he said. "On the North Coast, the trucks have
great big, wide treads so they can get over sandhills. If you go out to Hay or
Deniliquin, you find the trucks are set up with extraordinary spray bars at the
front to make a swathe of water to fight a grass fire. In communities on the
flanks of the Snowy Mountains, the trucks are smaller so they can climb hills."

Debus said his third area of reform was the development of an all-encompassing
incident management system that meant fire fighters from any state or service
knew how to work alongside one another.

So, what about the debate on hazard reduction? Was it true the NPWS was
resisting prescribed burns because there was an internal opposition for
ecological reasons? Could the fires have been avoided, or at least been easier
to control and douse, if there had been more action during winter and spring?

Debus was adamant, as was Koperberg earlier in the week, that critics such as
Upper House MP Malcolm Jones were wrong about the Government's green thumb
blocking sensible fire management. The debate was not black-and-white.
Prescribed burns had to be strategic, not wholesale. The Government's stance was
unequivocal - hazard reduction was official policy, particularly on the fringes
of national parks where property protection was paramount. NPWS management was
following government instructions.

While it was true that the service was now responsible for a million more
hectares than previously, its budget had been increased in proportion - much of
it for fire management. Despite his insistence that policy and management were
not to blame for the fires, Debus conceded that more money was required to
continue to improve equipment and training, and management of issues such as
prescribed burning could also be "refined".

"We are not against hazard reduction but, like Elvis [the giant helicopter], it
is not a panacea to all the problems," he said. "We need to go on understanding
more. Everyone knows it would make no sense at all to just go along and burn the
broad acres of bush on a regular basis, because that would destroy the
biodiversity.

"For example, everybody worries about destroying the ecology of the Royal
National Park because it is being burned too often. On the other hand, there is
a stream of thought which says 'burn the bugger every four years, no matter
what'. They sit oddly with one another, and it is clear that we need a very
complicated approach to these issues.

"I am in no way opposed to improving methods by which we manage the hazard
reduction program. District committees don't always make the most appropriate
decisions. We have some work going on at the moment which, I hope, will allow us
to complete more quickly the [prescribed burning] decisions that come from
committees. That includes reviewing environmental considerations."

Debus revealed there was a meeting about hazard reduction in his ministerial
office last July. Koperberg was there, as was NSW Fire Brigades chief Ian
MacDougall and NPWS boss Brian Gilligan. The discussion centred on whether there
had been enough hazard reduction activity in the lead up to the bushfire season.
There was a seven-year itch after 1994, and Debus wanted it scratched. The
meeting resolved to undertake a review of all decisions made by community
committees about hazard reduction burns near urban areas.

NOT everyone believes enough was done last spring. Prominent CSIRO scientist
Phil Cheney is one such critic. Cheney insists that while the unprecedented
weather is the main cause of the problems, the fires would not have been so
devastating if there was less fuel on the ground.

There would not have been so many fire brands hurled ahead of the blaze to start
spot fires and, maybe, they could have been contained before they threatened
property and lives.

"In my opinion, NPWS doesn't do enough," he said. "Its agenda is far more
complex than State Forests used to be. The staff have to balance the needs of
property protection with protecting the ecology, and that is difficult when
there is always a big song and dance from the public about burnoffs.

" I know Phil Koperberg well, and I know he supports prescribed burning. I think
he has done an extremely good job with the Rural Fire Service. But you have to
understand that he is also a senior public servant and all land management
becomes, in part, a

political issue."


For decades Cheney, a veteran CSIRO scientist, has been at the forefront of
research aimed at protecting life, property and the delicate ecology from the
threat of fire.

Year after year, Cheney has warned and cajoled the public about the need to be
prepared. Behind the scenes, he has begged and berated politicians and
bureaucrats to win funding and learn more about a natural phenomenon that taunts
us every year.

Now, in the twilight of his illustrious career, Cheney is still punching. In
about 18 months he will deliver the results of a $6 million, six-year study into
fire behaviour which sprang from the ashes of Sydney's 1994 bushfires disaster.

The research phase is finished, and Cheney is now deep into the analysis. He is
confident that the finished product will be the best guide yet on how
Australia's biggest city should manage the beautiful but savage land that
surrounds it.

But Cheney insists his latest work is still not enough - that the results barely
scratch the surface on the quest to really understand where we live.

While some rave about the virtues of a giant $15 million helicopter, and
politicians snipe about whether the fires would have been smaller if there had
been more prescribed burns last winter, Cheney believes the best hope of
protecting our cities and towns lies in knowledge of the enemy. And that worries
him. Not only are there fewer researchers than in 1983, after the Ash Wednesday
fires, but retirements, such as his own, mean there will be less expertise to
conduct more research.

Federal Government grants cover barely half the salaries at the CSIRO. The rest,
as well as operating money, is gathered from grants obtained from the Australian
Fire Authorities Council - the umbrella body for all state and federal
bureaucracies which have an interest, and therefore some financial obligation,
to fire management issues.

"From a scientists' point of view, we need more financial support to answer
questions about fire management, and getting money to expand research can be
very difficult," Cheney said.

"There are seven people at CSIRO involved in research on fire behaviour. That
number should be doubled.


"Yes, we have made significant progress in our knowledge since 1994, but the
research of the last five or six years has been very fundamental. It should be
given a higher priority."

Critics of the NSW Government approach to fire management point to Western
Australia as the ideal model for prescribed burns.

Alan Walker is the director of regional services with the WA Department of
Conservation And Land Management (CALM). While he acknowledges that hazard
reduction has played a significant role in the state's success with avoiding
major fires in recent years, Walker is loathe to criticise NSW.


"Right now, we are trying to pull together 30 years of ecological research to
better understand how to better manage fires," he said. "I suspect the task is
no different to any other state or government agency."



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