From: Mikalac Norman S NSSC <MikalacNS-AT-navsea.navy.mil> Subject: RE: rts2-25 Date: Mon, 26 Feb 2001 08:20:23 -0500 i'm confused by the excerpt below. i always thought that the Principle of Cause and Effect (P of C&E) was an axiom that one accepts, along with other axioms and undefined words, to begin a chain of reasoning (logic + evidence, another axiom) to arrive an true or false statements. this axiom takes you (at least) from the Big Bang to the present state of the universe, including events that occur inside our heads as well as outside it (so much for the silly idea of "free will"). (what happened before the Big Bang is not for mere mortals to understand.) if you accept this Principle, then "...there isn't an endless chain of causation of thing leading to the next going indefinitely back into the past and forward into the future..." is a false statement because it contradicts the P of C & E. IOW, there WAS and IS an endless chain of causation from the Big Bang to now and there WILL BE a continuance of this chain into the future because it is an axiom from which all else follows.' also, ".... the world consists of complex things which are not fully determined ["caused", sic] ..." is contrary and false for the same reason. IOW, events were, are and always will be caused (determined). the REAL problem, IOM, is that mere mortals cannot usually "understand" or "perceive" the proximate and remote causes of events because they are too complex for our little brains. that especially true of human events. IOW, please don't confuse determinacy (causation) with human understanding of this determinacy. the same confusion exists with Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle. H. doesn't say that things are not caused, but that we can't know about their causation at an atomic level. he certainly believed in the P of C&E w/o exception. "... the whole is more than the sum of its parts..." is this an axiom? if not, then prove it! seems more like a leap of faith to me. "... That dogs bark and that humans strive for freedom cannot be deduced from the laws of physics or chemistry but is a higher level of causation..." definitely so, and there's the rub with all "theories" of causation as they move to higher and higher levels of abstraction. and that brings us to Marx and his interpretation of history, a very high level of abstraction about human behavior. i'll be looking for the logical chain and the evidence that supports this theory, if we get that far. norm ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ".... If we then ask why things are determined so late, why there isn't an endless chain of causation of one thing leading to the next going indefinitely back into the past and forward into the future, the answer is: the world consists of complex things which are not fully determined, and which interrupt this chain of causation. The whole is more than the sum of the parts. This is called "emergence". The human body must obey the laws of physics just like a robot, but it is able to subject the physical laws to its own purposes by promoting certain physical processes and inhibiting others. This is something a robot cannot (yet) do. That dogs bark and that humans strive for freedom cannnot be deduced from the laws of physics or chemistry but is a higher level of causation. ...." -----Original Message----- From: Hans Ehrbar [mailto:econ-AT-lists.econ.utah.edu] Sent: Saturday, February 24, 2001 3:41 AM To: seminar-14-AT-lists.village.virginia.edu Subject: Re: rts2-25 Here is an attempt to come at the subject matter of our current reading from a slightly different angle: One of the basic tenets in Bhaskar's philosophy is that every event must be caused (and that, if two events are different, there must be a cause for their difference). Much of the argument in RTS builds on this idea: causes must be active and real, i.e., matter is not pushed around passively according to some disembodied choreography, but the inner makeup of things determines how they act. This can be considered to be the answer to the question: *where* is this causal power located? It does not float around in space but is located in the things themselves. The present reading addresses the question *when* this causation occurs, and the answer is: later than we tend to think. The physical course of the world is not determined by the initial conditions of all the elementary particles, as the regularity determinist thinks, but it can be influenced by causal laws which are not of physical origin. Bhaskar illustrated this in one of his talks there at the University of Utah: During his lecture he asked me to raise my right hand, and I did. I forget the details of what point he made about this to the audience, but the general thrust of it was that the physical course of the world had just been altered by his and my intentional actions. A few seconds earlier I had no idea that I was about to lift my arm. I was also not forced to lift my arm when Roy asked me, but the decision to do this was made then and there within a couple of seconds. If we then ask why things are determined so late, why there isn't an endless chain of causation of one thing leading to the next going indefinitely back into the past and forward into the future, the answer is: the world consists of complex things which are not fully determined, and which interrupt this chain of causation. The whole is more than the sum of the parts. This is called "emergence". The human body must obey the laws of physics just like a robot, but it is able to subject the physical laws to its own purposes by promoting certain physical processes and inhibiting others. This is something a robot cannot (yet) do. That dogs bark and that humans strive for freedom cannnot be deduced from the laws of physics or chemistry but is a higher level of causation. This is an important point which we should discuss a little more. In DPF, p. 49, Bhaskar writes: > In emergence, new beings ... are generated out of > pre-existing material from which they could have been > neither induced nor deduced. ... This is matter as > creative. I like to think of it as: the creation of the world is not something in the past but it is still going on. Emergence is not easy to discuss. It is something new which cannot be reduced to its roots in what is already there, i.e., it cannot be explained. But we know by transcendental arguments that it must exist. What do we know about emergence? Let's collect as many examples as we can. Are there examples of it which we really understand well? Let's talk about emergence. -Hans. --- from list seminar-14-AT-lists.village.virginia.edu --- --- from list seminar-14-AT-lists.village.virginia.edu ---
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